Thursday 30 April 2020
How is the mammalian gaseous exchange system adapted to its functions?
Nasal cavity; has cells that produce mucus; that
together with hairs/cilia; trap and propel dust/microbes to the pharynx to be
breathed out/swallowed; cavity is supplied with capillaries; that warm the air
for faster flow in the channels; epiglottis; covers the trachea during
swallowing; so that particles of food and water may not enter the trachea;
trachea and bronchi; have cartilage rings; to keep the passages open/prevent
them from collapsing; so that air moves in and out freely and continuously; are
also lined with mucous membranes which have hairs/ciliated; whose
movement/wafting push out dust particles collected in the passages into the pharynx;
richly-supplied with blood vessels; to warm the air; for faster flow; lungs;
have numerous alveoli; to increase the surface area for gaseous exchange;
alveoli have a thin epithelium; to reduce the distance through which gases
diffuse for easier and faster diffusion; alveoli are moist; to dissolve
oxygen for faster transport; lungs are
spongy; because of many air sacs that contain a large amount of/volume of air;
Lungs are also supplied with many blood vessels; for transportation of gases;
they are also supplied with a network system of trachea, bronchi and
bronchioles; to provide an efficient system/large surface area for gaseous
exchange; Lungs are enclosed in a
pleural membrane; which secrete pleural fluid; that protect the lung surface;
lubricate the chest cavity; allowing smooth movement of lungs as they change
volumes; ribs have intercostal muscles; that moves/contracts and relaxes to
allow for inhalation and exhalation; ribs also protect the lungs; has the
diaphragm muscles whose contraction and relaxation leads to inhalation and
exhalation respectively;
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